The Mother of All Problems: The Mother of God

This is going to be a very short post, because this should be an easy dogma:
The correct term is Theotokos (Greek), and more literally means "God-bearer" or "the one who gives birth to God". By no means was this a latter defined dogma, as it was defined in 431 by the Council of Ephesus (read the documents here), and it is the first "Marian Dogma". The fight began because of the teachings of Nestorius (the Patriarch of Constantinople). Nestorianism, the doctrine of Nestorius, emphasized the disunity between Christ's human and divine natures. These teachings had brought Nestorius into conflict with the Church and church leaders, such as Cyril (Patriarch of Alexandria). Interestinly, Nestorius requested the council, hoping to prove his orthodoxy; but in the end his teachings were condemned as heresy. The council met at the Church of Mary.

What does the Catholic Church mean when it says that Mary is the Mother of G-d? It does not mean she is his mother in the sense that she is older than G-d or the source of her Son’s divinity (she's neither). Instead, the Church says that she is the Mother of G-d in the sense that she carried in her womb a divine person, who is Jesus Christ, G-d "in the flesh" (2 John 7, cf. John 1:14). This dogma does not make Mary a goddess, and was created to protect a christocentric belief rather than a marian-centric belief, that of His divinity.

Because Mary is Jesus’s mother, it must be concluded that she is also the Mother of G-d. If Mary is the mother of Jesus, and if Jesus is G-d, then Mary is the Mother of G-d. There is no way out of this logical syllogism! If Mary is the mother is A, and A=B, than Mary is the mother of B (as well as A).

Fundamentalists will often say that Mary is the mother of Christ's human nature, but not of His divine nature. This idea fails because a mother does not merely carry the human nature of her child in her womb. Instead, she carries the person of her child. Women do not give birth to human natures! They give birth to persons! Mary thus carried and gave birth to the person of Jesus Christ, and the person she gave birth to was G-d.

Denying that Mary is G-d’s mother implies doubt about Jesus’ divinity, which is why Martin Luther and John Calvin both believed in Mary as the Mother of G-d (Luther also believed in the Assumption, Immaculate Conception, and the Perpetual Virginity). The Church Fathers also believed in the Theotokos, like Irenaeus in 189 (Against Heresies, 5:19:1), Hippolytus in 217 (Discourse on the End of the World, 1), and Peter of Alexandria in 305 (The Genuine Acts of Peter of Alexandria)... and there are a ton more quotes from the Church Fathers.

Here is a prayer from the Melkite Greek Catholic Church:
It is fitting and right to call you blessed, O Theotokos: you are ever-blessed and all-blameless and the Mother of our God. Higher in honor than the Cherubim and more glorious without compare than the Seraphim, you gave birth to God the Word in virginity. You are truly Mother of God : you do we exalt.